Ubuntu常用服务安装及配置-陌上烟雨遥

如何在Ubuntu 18.04上安装Nginx

Nginx的软件包在Ubuntu默认软件仓库中可用。安装非常简单，只需键入以下命令：


<span class="token function">sudo</span> <span class="token function">apt</span> update <span class="token function">sudo</span> <span class="token function">apt</span> <span class="token function">install</span> nginx 
<span class="token function">sudo</span> <span class="token function">apt</span> update <span class="token function">sudo</span> <span class="token function">apt</span> <span class="token function">install</span> nginx 
sudo apt update sudo apt install nginx

安装完成后，请检查Nginx服务的状态和版本：


<span class="token function">sudo</span> systemctl status nginx 
<span class="token function">sudo</span> systemctl status nginx 
sudo systemctl status nginx

输出：


root@instance-0vg4qn4y:~ ● nginx.service - A high performance web server and a reverse proxy server Loaded: loaded <span class="token punctuation">(</span>/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service<span class="token punctuation">;</span> enabled<span class="token punctuation">;</span> vendor preset: e Active: active <span class="token punctuation">(</span>running<span class="token punctuation">)</span> since Mon <span class="token number">2022</span>-01-24 <span class="token number">11</span>:01:02 CST<span class="token punctuation">;</span> 24s ago Docs: man:nginx<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">8</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> Main PID: <span class="token number">28938</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>nginx<span class="token punctuation">)</span> Tasks: <span class="token number">2</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>limit: <span class="token number">1116</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> CGroup: /system.slice/nginx.service ├─28938 nginx: master process /usr/sbin/nginx -g daemon on<span class="token punctuation">;</span> master_p └─28939 nginx: worker process 
root@instance-0vg4qn4y:~ ● nginx.service - A high performance web server and a reverse proxy server Loaded: loaded <span class="token punctuation">(</span>/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service<span class="token punctuation">;</span> enabled<span class="token punctuation">;</span> vendor preset: e Active: active <span class="token punctuation">(</span>running<span class="token punctuation">)</span> since Mon <span class="token number">2022</span>-01-24 <span class="token number">11</span>:01:02 CST<span class="token punctuation">;</span> 24s ago Docs: man:nginx<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">8</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> Main PID: <span class="token number">28938</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>nginx<span class="token punctuation">)</span> Tasks: <span class="token number">2</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>limit: <span class="token number">1116</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> CGroup: /system.slice/nginx.service ├─28938 nginx: master process /usr/sbin/nginx -g daemon on<span class="token punctuation">;</span> master_p └─28939 nginx: worker process 
root@instance-0vg4qn4y:~ ● nginx.service - A high performance web server and a reverse proxy server Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service; enabled; vendor preset: e Active: active (running) since Mon 2022-01-24 11:01:02 CST; 24s ago Docs: man:nginx(8) Main PID: 28938 (nginx) Tasks: 2 (limit: 1116) CGroup: /system.slice/nginx.service ├─28938 nginx: master process /usr/sbin/nginx -g daemon on; master_p └─28939 nginx: worker process

查看nginx版本：


<span class="token function">sudo</span> nginx -v 
<span class="token function">sudo</span> nginx -v 
sudo nginx -v

如果开启防火墙需放行端口80和443：


<span class="token function">sudo</span> ufw allow <span class="token string">'Nginx Full'</span> 
<span class="token function">sudo</span> ufw allow <span class="token string">'Nginx Full'</span> 
sudo ufw allow 'Nginx Full'

测试安装：

在您选择的浏览器中打开http://YOUR_IP，您应该能够看到默认的Nginx登录页面，如下所示：

使用systemctl管理Nginx服务

您可以像任何其他systemd单位一样管理Nginx服务。要停止Nginx服务，请运行：


<span class="token function">sudo</span> systemctl stop nginx 
<span class="token function">sudo</span> systemctl stop nginx 
sudo systemctl stop nginx

要再次启动，请键入：


<span class="token function">sudo</span> systemctl start nginx 
<span class="token function">sudo</span> systemctl start nginx 
sudo systemctl start nginx

重新启动Nginx服务：


<span class="token function">sudo</span> systemctl restart nginx 
<span class="token function">sudo</span> systemctl restart nginx 
sudo systemctl restart nginx

在进行一些配置更改后重新加载Nginx服务：


<span class="token function">sudo</span> systemctl reload nginx 
<span class="token function">sudo</span> systemctl reload nginx 
sudo systemctl reload nginx

如果你想禁用Nginx服务在启动时启动：


<span class="token function">sudo</span> systemctl disable nginx 
<span class="token function">sudo</span> systemctl disable nginx 
sudo systemctl disable nginx

并重新启用它：


<span class="token function">sudo</span> systemctl <span class="token builtin class-name">enable</span> nginx 
<span class="token function">sudo</span> systemctl <span class="token builtin class-name">enable</span> nginx 
sudo systemctl enable nginx

通过apt安装的Nginx的配置文件位置:


/usr/sbin/nginx #主程序 /etc/nginx #存放配置文件 /usr/share/nginx #存放静态文件 /var/log/nginx #存放日志 
/usr/sbin/nginx #主程序 /etc/nginx #存放配置文件 /usr/share/nginx #存放静态文件 /var/log/nginx #存放日志 
/usr/sbin/nginx #主程序 /etc/nginx #存放配置文件 /usr/share/nginx #存放静态文件 /var/log/nginx #存放日志

如何在Ubuntu 20.04上安装mysql

MySQL的软件包在Ubuntu默认软件仓库中可用。安装非常简单，只需键入以下命令：


<span class="token function">sudo</span> <span class="token function">apt</span> update <span class="token function">sudo</span> <span class="token function">apt</span> <span class="token function">install</span> mysql-server 
<span class="token function">sudo</span> <span class="token function">apt</span> update <span class="token function">sudo</span> <span class="token function">apt</span> <span class="token function">install</span> mysql-server 
sudo apt update sudo apt install mysql-server

运行安全脚本：


<span class="token function">sudo</span> mysql_secure_installation 
<span class="token function">sudo</span> mysql_secure_installation 
sudo mysql_secure_installation

查看默认账号及密码：


<span class="token function">sudo</span> <span class="token function">cat</span> /etc/mysql/debian.cnf 
<span class="token function">sudo</span> <span class="token function">cat</span> /etc/mysql/debian.cnf 
sudo cat /etc/mysql/debian.cnf

使用默认账户密码登入mysql


mysql -u<span class="token operator"><</span>你的账号<span class="token operator">></span> -p<span class="token operator"><</span>你的密码<span class="token operator">></span> 
mysql -u<span class="token operator"><</span>你的账号<span class="token operator">></span> -p<span class="token operator"><</span>你的密码<span class="token operator">></span> 
mysql -u<你的账号> -p<你的密码>

选择mysql数据库


<span class="token keyword">use</span> mysql<span class="token punctuation">;</span> 
<span class="token keyword">use</span> mysql<span class="token punctuation">;</span> 
use mysql;

更改密码


<span class="token keyword">alter</span> <span class="token keyword">user</span> <span class="token string">'root'</span><span class="token variable">@'localhost'</span> identified <span class="token keyword">with</span> mysql_native_password <span class="token keyword">by</span> <span class="token string">'新密码'</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> 
<span class="token keyword">alter</span> <span class="token keyword">user</span> <span class="token string">'root'</span><span class="token variable">@'localhost'</span> identified <span class="token keyword">with</span> mysql_native_password <span class="token keyword">by</span> <span class="token string">'新密码'</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> 
alter user 'root'@'localhost' identified with mysql_native_password by '新密码';

刷新权限


flush <span class="token keyword">privileges</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> 
flush <span class="token keyword">privileges</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> 
flush privileges;

开启远程登录：


<span class="token keyword">update</span> <span class="token keyword">user</span> <span class="token keyword">set</span> host<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'%'</span> <span class="token keyword">where</span> <span class="token keyword">user</span> <span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'root'</span> 
<span class="token keyword">update</span> <span class="token keyword">user</span> <span class="token keyword">set</span> host<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'%'</span> <span class="token keyword">where</span> <span class="token keyword">user</span> <span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'root'</span> 
update user set host='%' where user ='root'

更改配置文件：


 <span class="token function">sudo</span> <span class="token function">vim</span> /etc/mysql/mysql.conf.d/mysqld.cnf 
 <span class="token function">sudo</span> <span class="token function">vim</span> /etc/mysql/mysql.conf.d/mysqld.cnf 
 sudo vim /etc/mysql/mysql.conf.d/mysqld.cnf

将配置改为如下：


bind-address = 0.0.0.0 port = 3306 
bind-address = 0.0.0.0 port = 3306 
bind-address = 0.0.0.0 port = 3306

重启mysql：


<span class="token function">sudo</span> <span class="token function">service</span> mysql restart 
<span class="token function">sudo</span> <span class="token function">service</span> mysql restart 
sudo service mysql restart

如何在 Ubuntu 20.04 上安装和配置 Redis

Redis 5.0 被包含在默认的 Ubuntu 20.04 软件源中。想要安装它，以 root 或者其他 sudo 身份运行下面的命令：


<span class="token function">sudo</span> <span class="token function">apt</span> update <span class="token function">sudo</span> <span class="token function">apt</span> <span class="token function">install</span> redis-server 
<span class="token function">sudo</span> <span class="token function">apt</span> update <span class="token function">sudo</span> <span class="token function">apt</span> <span class="token function">install</span> redis-server 
sudo apt update sudo apt install redis-server

一旦安装完成，Redis 服务将会自动启动。想要检查服务的状态，输入下面的命令：


<span class="token function">sudo</span> systemctl status redis-server 
<span class="token function">sudo</span> systemctl status redis-server 
sudo systemctl status redis-server

配置 Redis 远程访问


# 编辑配置文件 sudo vim /etc/redis.conf # 修改配置如下 bind 0.0.0.0 :: 1 #保存并重启服务 sudo systemctl restart redis-server #使用下面的命令来验证 Redis 服务器正在监听端口6379： ss -an | grep 6379 # 你应该能看到类似下面的信息： tcp LISTEN 0 511 0.0.0.0:6379 0.0.0.0:* tcp LISTEN 0 511 [::]:6379 [::]:* #想要验证所有设置都设置好了，你可以尝试使用redis-cli从你的远程机器上 ping 一下 Redis 服务器。 redis-cli -h <REDIS_IP_ADDRESS> ping #这个命令将会返回一个响应：PONG 
# 编辑配置文件 sudo vim /etc/redis.conf # 修改配置如下 bind 0.0.0.0 :: 1 #保存并重启服务 sudo systemctl restart redis-server #使用下面的命令来验证 Redis 服务器正在监听端口6379： ss -an | grep 6379 # 你应该能看到类似下面的信息： tcp LISTEN 0 511 0.0.0.0:6379 0.0.0.0:* tcp LISTEN 0 511 [::]:6379 [::]:* #想要验证所有设置都设置好了，你可以尝试使用redis-cli从你的远程机器上 ping 一下 Redis 服务器。 redis-cli -h <REDIS_IP_ADDRESS> ping #这个命令将会返回一个响应：PONG 
# 编辑配置文件 sudo vim /etc/redis.conf # 修改配置如下 bind 0.0.0.0 :: 1 #保存并重启服务 sudo systemctl restart redis-server #使用下面的命令来验证 Redis 服务器正在监听端口6379： ss -an | grep 6379 # 你应该能看到类似下面的信息： tcp LISTEN 0 511 0.0.0.0:6379 0.0.0.0:* tcp LISTEN 0 511 [::]:6379 [::]:* #想要验证所有设置都设置好了，你可以尝试使用redis-cli从你的远程机器上 ping 一下 Redis 服务器。 redis-cli -h <REDIS_IP_ADDRESS> ping #这个命令将会返回一个响应：PONG

如何在 Ubuntu 20.04 上安装和配置 NVM

下载安装脚本，可以使用cURL或Wget，最新版本可以到github查看https://github.com/nvm-sh/nvm

查看是否已经安装好:


nvm --version 
nvm --version 
nvm --version

查看可供安装的版本


nvm ls-remote 
nvm ls-remote 
nvm ls-remote

安装一个nodejs版本


nvm <span class="token function">install</span> v12.16.1 
nvm <span class="token function">install</span> v12.16.1 
nvm install v12.16.1

查看本地安装的版本:


nvm <span class="token function">ls</span> 
nvm <span class="token function">ls</span> 
nvm ls

Ubuntu 开启ssh服务

因为Ubuntu默认是不安装SSH服务的，所以在安装之前可以查看目前系统是否安装，通过以下命令：


<span class="token function">ps</span> -e <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token function">ssh</span> 
<span class="token function">ps</span> -e <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token function">ssh</span> 
ps -e | grep ssh

输出的结果ssh-agent表示ssh-client启动，sshd表示ssh-server启动。我们是需要安装服务端所以应该看是否有sshd，如果没有则说明没有安装。

安装ssh：


 <span class="token function">sudo</span> <span class="token function">apt</span> <span class="token function">install</span> openssh-client  <span class="token function">sudo</span> <span class="token function">apt</span> <span class="token function">install</span> openssh-server  <span class="token function">sudo</span> <span class="token function">apt</span> <span class="token function">install</span> <span class="token function">ssh</span> 
 <span class="token function">sudo</span> <span class="token function">apt</span> <span class="token function">install</span> openssh-client  <span class="token function">sudo</span> <span class="token function">apt</span> <span class="token function">install</span> openssh-server  <span class="token function">sudo</span> <span class="token function">apt</span> <span class="token function">install</span> <span class="token function">ssh</span> 
 sudo apt install openssh-client  sudo apt install openssh-server  sudo apt install ssh

可以通过SSH配置文件更改包括端口、是否允许root登录等设置，配置文件位置：


<span class="token function">sudo</span> <span class="token function">vim</span> /etc/ssh/sshd_config  找到PermitRootLogin without-password 修改为PermitRootLogin <span class="token function">yes</span> 
<span class="token function">sudo</span> <span class="token function">vim</span> /etc/ssh/sshd_config  找到PermitRootLogin without-password 修改为PermitRootLogin <span class="token function">yes</span> 
sudo vim /etc/ssh/sshd_config  找到PermitRootLogin without-password 修改为PermitRootLogin yes

重启ssh服务


<span class="token function">sudo</span> <span class="token function">service</span> <span class="token function">ssh</span> restart 
<span class="token function">sudo</span> <span class="token function">service</span> <span class="token function">ssh</span> restart 
sudo service ssh restart

虚拟机中Ubuntu取得root权限


<span class="token function">sudo</span> <span class="token function">passwd</span> -u root <span class="token function">sudo</span> <span class="token function">passwd</span> root 
<span class="token function">sudo</span> <span class="token function">passwd</span> -u root <span class="token function">sudo</span> <span class="token function">passwd</span> root 
sudo passwd -u root sudo passwd root

配置Ubuntu镜像源为清华源


 <span class="token function">cp</span> /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.back  deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse 
 <span class="token function">cp</span> /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.back  deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse 
 cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.back  deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse

安装rabbitmq-server


 <span class="token function">sudo</span> <span class="token function">apt-get</span> <span class="token function">install</span> erlang-nox  <span class="token function">wget</span> -O- https://www.rabbitmq.com/rabbitmq-release-signing-key.asc <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">sudo</span> apt-key <span class="token function">add</span> -  <span class="token function">sudo</span> <span class="token function">apt-get</span> <span class="token function">install</span> rabbitmq-server 
 <span class="token function">sudo</span> <span class="token function">apt-get</span> <span class="token function">install</span> erlang-nox  <span class="token function">wget</span> -O- https://www.rabbitmq.com/rabbitmq-release-signing-key.asc <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">sudo</span> apt-key <span class="token function">add</span> -  <span class="token function">sudo</span> <span class="token function">apt-get</span> <span class="token function">install</span> rabbitmq-server 
 sudo apt-get install erlang-nox  wget -O- https://www.rabbitmq.com/rabbitmq-release-signing-key.asc | sudo apt-key add -  sudo apt-get install rabbitmq-server

安装rabbitmq的管理插件


<span class="token function">sudo</span> rabbitmq-plugins <span class="token builtin class-name">enable</span> rabbitmq_management 
<span class="token function">sudo</span> rabbitmq-plugins <span class="token builtin class-name">enable</span> rabbitmq_management 
sudo rabbitmq-plugins enable rabbitmq_management

下载rabbitmqadmin


<span class="token function">wget</span> localhost localhost:15672/cli/rabbitmqadmin 
<span class="token function">wget</span> localhost localhost:15672/cli/rabbitmqadmin 
wget localhost localhost:15672/cli/rabbitmqadmin

创建两个exchange


python3 rabbitmqadmin <span class="token builtin class-name">declare</span> exchange <span class="token assign-left variable">name</span><span class="token operator">=</span>apiServers <span class="token assign-left variable">type</span><span class="token operator">=</span>fanout python3 rabbitmqadmin <span class="token builtin class-name">declare</span> exchange <span class="token assign-left variable">name</span><span class="token operator">=</span>dataServers <span class="token assign-left variable">type</span><span class="token operator">=</span>fanout 
python3 rabbitmqadmin <span class="token builtin class-name">declare</span> exchange <span class="token assign-left variable">name</span><span class="token operator">=</span>apiServers <span class="token assign-left variable">type</span><span class="token operator">=</span>fanout python3 rabbitmqadmin <span class="token builtin class-name">declare</span> exchange <span class="token assign-left variable">name</span><span class="token operator">=</span>dataServers <span class="token assign-left variable">type</span><span class="token operator">=</span>fanout 
python3 rabbitmqadmin declare exchange name=apiServers type=fanout python3 rabbitmqadmin declare exchange name=dataServers type=fanout

添加用户test和密码test


<span class="token function">sudo</span> rabbitmqctl add_user <span class="token builtin class-name">test</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">test</span> 
<span class="token function">sudo</span> rabbitmqctl add_user <span class="token builtin class-name">test</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">test</span> 
sudo rabbitmqctl add_user test test

添加用户访问所有exchange的权限


<span class="token function">sudo</span> rabbitmqctl set_permissions -p / <span class="token builtin class-name">test</span> <span class="token string">".*"</span> <span class="token string">".*"</span> <span class="token string">".*"</span> 
<span class="token function">sudo</span> rabbitmqctl set_permissions -p / <span class="token builtin class-name">test</span> <span class="token string">".*"</span> <span class="token string">".*"</span> <span class="token string">".*"</span> 
sudo rabbitmqctl set_permissions -p / test ".*" ".*" ".*"

为新用户创建tag


<span class="token function">sudo</span> rabbitmqctl set_user_tags <span class="token builtin class-name">test</span> administrator 
<span class="token function">sudo</span> rabbitmqctl set_user_tags <span class="token builtin class-name">test</span> administrator 
sudo rabbitmqctl set_user_tags test administrator

查看所有用户


rabbitmqctl list_users 
rabbitmqctl list_users 
rabbitmqctl list_users

查看端口是否开启


<span class="token function">netstat</span> -tnlp //会看到:5672端口 
<span class="token function">netstat</span> -tnlp //会看到:5672端口 
netstat -tnlp //会看到:5672端口