Ubuntu虚拟机部署配置-陌上烟雨遥

虚拟机镜像下载

目前国内操作系统镜像源非常完备，下载速度也非常快：

镜像源	地址
清华大学	https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/
中科大	http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu-releases/20.04/
浙江大学	http://mirrors.zju.edu.cn/ubuntu-releases/20.04/

Ubuntu虚拟机部署配置插图

目前最新的版本是23.04，保险起见我们使用22.10版本使用。

注意：

如果只是为了尝鲜，可以选择最新的版本安装
如果是后续还需要各种操作，不建议选择非常新的版本，否则出现问题都没处找
镜像选择一般来说centos要更好一下，主要是习惯了Ubuntu的操作

VirtualBox7下载

下载地址：https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads

说明：

一定要安装virtualBox7，irtualBox7比virtualBox6多了很多功能，基本和VMWare差不多了

VirtualBox7安装镜像流程

创建虚拟机

Ubuntu虚拟机部署配置插图1

说明：

需要选中“跳过自动安装”

虚拟机挂单独硬盘

Ubuntu虚拟机部署配置插图2

网络设置

Ubuntu虚拟机部署配置插图3

说明：

一般来说使用NAT网络就可以，NAT网络的效果是虚拟机可以使用HOST的网络，出去是没问题的，但是外部没法访问
NAT网络，NAT网络和NAT差不多，最大的区别是多个虚拟机可以共享一张网络，这样这些虚拟机可以互通，在virtualbox我就使用NAT网络，NAT网络对外使用NAT端口映射出22端口，这样就可以从外部访问
桥接网卡：桥接网卡就是直接使用网卡资源，这时候最直接的效果就是路由器会DHCP分配一个IP地址
我的实验环境如下图，我希望在我的笔记本上直接SSH连接虚拟机，所以我采用桥接网卡

Ubuntu虚拟机部署配置插图4

检查虚拟机配置

Ubuntu虚拟机部署配置插图5

启动虚拟机

说明：

不要更新，直接跳过配置，一路往下走
记得需要安装SSH，不用认证，怎么简单怎么来
在设置apt源地址可以将地址的域名改成aaa，避免在安装过程中下载文件导致时长太长

Ubuntu虚拟机部署配置插图6

点击重启就算是安装完成了，启动虚拟机很快，目前三分钟可以拉一个虚拟机出来。

ubuntu配置

查询虚拟机IP地址

虚拟机已经安装好了，我们需要SSH登录到这台机器，但是新安装的虚拟机是没有ifconfig命令，所以我们需要ip addr查询到虚拟机IP地址：

Ubuntu虚拟机部署配置插图7

可以查询到虚拟机IP地址：192.168.0.104

修改ROOT密码

sudo su root passwd

更新apt

阿里云：

root@ubuntu:/home/xuanchi# cat /etc/apt/sources.list deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse

中科大：

deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

阿里云的源不给力推荐中科大的apt源，速度非常快，更新apt：

apt update apt upgrade

遇到错误：

Err:4 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu bionic-proposed InRelease The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 3B4FE6ACC0B21F32 Get:5 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu bionic-backports InRelease [83.3 kB] Err:5 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu bionic-backports InRelease The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 3B4FE6ACC0B21F32 Reading package lists... Done W: GPG error: http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu bionic InRelease: The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 3B4FE6ACC0B21F32 E: The repository 'http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu bionic InRelease' is not signed.

公钥认证，我们把公钥加上，重试即可：

sudo apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys 3B4FE6ACC0B21F32

此时会报出下面的告警：

root@ubuntu:/home/xuanchi# apt update Hit:1 https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu bionic InRelease Hit:2 https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu bionic-updates InRelease Hit:3 https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu bionic-backports InRelease Hit:4 https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu bionic-security InRelease Hit:5 https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu bionic-proposed InRelease Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree... Done Reading state information... Done 8 packages can be upgraded. Run 'apt list --upgradable' to see them. W: https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/dists/bionic/InRelease: Key is stored in legacy trusted.gpg keyring (/etc/apt/trusted.gpg), see the DEPRECATION section in apt-key(8) for details. W: https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/dists/bionic-updates/InRelease: Key is stored in legacy trusted.gpg keyring (/etc/apt/trusted.gpg), see the DEPRECATION section in apt-key(8) for details. W: https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/dists/bionic-backports/InRelease: Key is stored in legacy trusted.gpg keyring (/etc/apt/trusted.gpg), see the DEPRECATION section in apt-key(8) for details. W: https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/dists/bionic-security/InRelease: Key is stored in legacy trusted.gpg keyring (/etc/apt/trusted.gpg), see the DEPRECATION section in apt-key(8) for details. W: https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/dists/bionic-proposed/InRelease: Key is stored in legacy trusted.gpg keyring (/etc/apt/trusted.gpg), see the DEPRECATION section in apt-key(8) for details.

说明：认证公钥之前是放在 /etc/apt/trusted.gpg，后面版本不在支持这种方式，而是一个公钥一个文件夹方式存放，搞一下：

root@ubuntu:/home/xuanchi# apt-key list Warning: apt-key is deprecated. Manage keyring files in trusted.gpg.d instead (see apt-key(8)). /etc/apt/trusted.gpg -------------------- pub rsa4096 2012-05-11 [SC] 790B C727 7767 219C 42C8 6F93 3B4F E6AC C0B2 1F32 uid [ unknown] Ubuntu Archive Automatic Signing Key (2012) <ftpmaster@ubuntu.com> /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/ubuntu-keyring-2012-cdimage.gpg ------------------------------------------------------ pub rsa4096 2012-05-11 [SC] 8439 38DF 228D 22F7 B374 2BC0 D94A A3F0 EFE2 1092 uid [ unknown] Ubuntu CD Image Automatic Signing Key (2012) <cdimage@ubuntu.com> /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/ubuntu-keyring-2018-archive.gpg ------------------------------------------------------ pub rsa4096 2018-09-17 [SC] F6EC B376 2474 EDA9 D21B 7022 8719 20D1 991B C93C uid [ unknown] Ubuntu Archive Automatic Signing Key (2018) <ftpmaster@ubuntu.com>

只需要重新导出一份然后再把老文件删掉就可以，注意那一串C0B2132指的是公钥序列号的后八位：

apt-key export C0B21F32 | sudo gpg --dearmour -o /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/ubuntu-me.gpg

再执行apt upgrade会抛出下面错误：

The following packages have unmet dependencies: dpkg : Breaks: libapt-pkg5.0 (< 1.7~b) but 1.6.17 is to be installed E: Broken packages

说明：执行下面的命令然后按照提示重新执行apt update就可以了

 sudo apt remove ubuntu-advantage-tools

NTP同步

Ubuntu不知道从什么版本开始，NTP同步使用timedatectl命令管理，查看当前NTP同步状态：

root@ubuntu-2:/home/xuanchi# timedatectl status Local time: Sat 2023-07-22 16:22:45 UTC Universal time: Sat 2023-07-22 16:22:45 UTC RTC time: Sat 2023-07-22 16:22:45 Time zone: Etc/UTC (UTC, +0000) System clock synchronized: no NTP service: active RTC in local TZ: no

timedatectl set-ntp false timedatectl set-ntp true

此时再查询NTP状态：

root@ubuntu-2:/home/xuanchi# timedatectl status Local time: Sat 2023-07-22 16:24:37 UTC Universal time: Sat 2023-07-22 16:24:37 UTC RTC time: Sat 2023-07-22 16:24:36 Time zone: Etc/UTC (UTC, +0000) System clock synchronized: yes NTP service: active RTC in local TZ: no

重启系统出测试效果状态也是yes，那说明没问题了。

挂载磁盘&关闭swap

先看一下那个Disk可以使用：

root@ubuntu-2:/home/xuanchi# lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS loop0 7:0 0 63.3M 1 loop /snap/core20/1822 loop1 7:1 0 111.9M 1 loop /snap/lxd/24322 loop2 7:2 0 49.8M 1 loop /snap/snapd/18357 sda 8:0 0 25G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 1M 0 part ├─sda2 8:2 0 2G 0 part /boot └─sda3 8:3 0 23G 0 part └─ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv 253:0 0 11.5G 0 lvm / sdb 8:16 0 25G 0 disk sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom

分区：

root@ubuntu-2:/home/xuanchi# fdisk /dev/sdb Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.37.2). Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. Be careful before using the write command. Device does not contain a recognized partition table. Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x71ed7307. Command (m for help): Command (m for help): n Partition type p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free) e extended (container for logical partitions) Select (default p): p Partition number (1-4, default 1): First sector (2048-52428799, default 2048): Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-52428799, default 52428799): Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 25 GiB. Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered. Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. Syncing disks. root@ubuntu-2:/home/xuanchi# sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb mke2fs 1.46.5 (30-Dec-2021) Found a dos partition table in /dev/sdb Proceed anyway? (y,N) y Creating filesystem with 6553600 4k blocks and 1638400 inodes Filesystem UUID: 1263fb1b-96a7-499a-bbc3-335002bb4675 Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208, 4096000 Allocating group tables: done Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (32768 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

写入/etc/fstab:

#/swap.img none swap sw 0 0 /dev/sdb /opt ext4 defaults 0 0

把swap注释掉，同时把/dev/sdb加上，重启看看效果：

xuanchi@ubuntu-2:~$ df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on tmpfs 97M 1.1M 96M 2% /run /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv 12G 4.8G 5.9G 45% / tmpfs 485M 0 485M 0% /dev/shm tmpfs 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/lock /dev/sdb 25G 24K 24G 1% /opt /dev/sda2 2.0G 129M 1.7G 8% /boot tmpfs 97M 4.0K 97M 1% /run/user/1000

原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_37893887/article/details/131869849

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陌上云
# 虚拟机 # apt